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14.11.2025

Home Page Listopad 2025 Evaluation of the strength of IN625 layers deposited on WCL steel using the Directed Energy Deposition method

Evaluation of the strength of IN625 layers deposited on WCL steel using the Directed Energy Deposition method

Ocena wytrzymałości warstw IN625 napawanych na stal WCL metodą Directed Energy Deposition *

Author: Marcin Małysza, Robert Żuczek, Łukasz Zięba

Mechanik nr 11/2025 - Obróbka skrawaniem

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of using Directed Energy Deposition (DED) technology for depositing a nickel-based superalloy IN625 onto a WCL tool steel substrate in the context of component regeneration and repair under high load conditions. The process was carried out at different laser powers (1100 W and 1300 W), followed by tensile testing and microhardness measurements. The analysis showed that with increasing laser power, both the yield strength (Rp0.2) and tensile strength (Rm) increased, albeit at the expense of reduced elongation (A). The microhardness results confirmed the presence of a transition zone with increased hardness (up to ~600 HV), resulting from the formation of intermetallic phases and quenching transformations in the WCL steel. The IN625 cladding exhibited a characteristic dendritic structure, while the substrate was dominated by martensitic transformations.

KEYWORDS: Directed Energy Deposition (DED), IN625 cladding, WCL tool steel, additive manufacturing technologies

STRESZCZENIE: Celem pracy było zbadanie możliwości zastosowania technologii Directed Energy Deposition (DED) do napawania nadstopu niklu IN625 na podłoże ze stali narzędziowej WCL w kontekście regeneracji i naprawy elementów pracujących w warunkach wysokich obciążeń. Proces prowadzono przy różnych mocach lasera (1100 W i 1300 W), a następnie wykonano próby rozciągania oraz pomiary mikrotwardości. Analiza wykazała, że wraz ze wzrostem mocy lasera rosną wartości granicy plastyczności (Rp0,2) i wytrzymałości na rozciąganie (Rm), jednak kosztem obniżenia wydłużenia A. Wyniki mikrotwardości potwierdziły obecność strefy przejściowej o podwyższonej twardości (do ~600 HV), wynikającej z wydzieleń faz międzymetalicznych oraz przemian hartowniczych w stali WCL. Napoina IN625 wykazywała charakterystyczną strukturę dendrytyczną, natomiast w podłożu dominowały przemiany martenzytyczne.

SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: Directed Energy Deposition (DED), napawanie IN625, stal narzędziowa WCL, technologie przyrostowe

BIBLIOGRAFIA / BIBLIOGRAPHY:

[1] „Siemens Brochure template A4 portrait”. Dostęp: 3 października 2025. [Online]. Dostępne na: https://assets.new.siemens.com/siemens/assets/api/uuid:1b43afb5-2d07-47f7-9eb7-893fe7d0bc59/TCOD-2024_original.pdf

[2] „Reducing costs of spare parts supply systems via static priorities”, ResearchGate, sie. 2025, doi: 10.1142/S0217595909002377.

[3] C. J. Page, T. Devermann, J. Biffin, i N. Blundell, „Plasma augmented laser welding and its applications”, Sci.Technol. Weld. Join., t. 7, nr 1, s. 1–10, luty 2002, doi: 10.1179/136217102225001313.

[4] „Powder Bed Fusion 3D Printing in Precision Manufacturing for Biomedical Applications: A Comprehensive Review”, ResearchGate, paź. 2025, doi: 10.3390/ma17030769.

[5] „Directed Energy Deposition (DED) Additive Manufacturing: Physical Characteristics, Defects, Challenges andApplications”, ResearchGate, sie. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.mattod.2021.03.020.

[6] „State of the Art in Directed Energy Deposition: From Additive Manufacturing to Materials Design”, ResearchGate, sie. 2025, doi: 10.3390/coatings9070418.

[7] „Precipitates in Additively Manufactured Inconel 625 Superalloy”, ResearchGate, kwi. 2025, doi: 10.3390/ma12071144.

[8] „Laves phases: a review of their functional and structuralapplications and an improved fundamental understandingof stability and properties”, ResearchGate, doi: 10.1007/s10853-020-05509-2.

[9] „Effect of Nb addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 fabricated by laser directed energy deposition | Request PDF”, ResearchGate, sie. 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2021.111601.

[10] M. J. Kim i C. Saldana, „Thin wall deposition of IN625 using directed energy deposition”, J. Manuf. Process., t. 56,s. 1366–1373, sie. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2020.04.032.

[11] „Enhanced mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms in DED Inconel 625 via printing path switching”,ResearchGate, sie. 2025. Dostęp: 3 października 2025. [Online]. Dostępne na: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/389756079_Enhanced_mechanical_properties_and_deformation_mechanisms_in_DED_Inconel_625_via_printing_path_switching

[12] „Mechanical Performance of Inconel 625 Alloy Processedby L-DED Additive Manufacturing”, w ResearchGate, doi:10.26678/ABCM.COBEM2023.COB2023-1350.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17814/mechanik.2025.11.9

 

* Artykuł recenzowany

 

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Marcin Małysza, Robert Żuczek, Łukasz Zięba: Evaluation of the strength of IN625 layers deposited on WCL steel using the Directed Energy Deposition method (Ocena wytrzymałości warstw IN625 napawanych na stal WCL metodą Directed Energy Deposition) (PDF, ~1,5 MB)

Home Page Listopad 2025 Evaluation of the strength of IN625 layers deposited on WCL steel using the Directed Energy Deposition method

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